🗣️ Voice (प्रयोग) - English

इंग्रजी व्याकरणातील Voice (प्रयोग) हा क्रियापदाचा एक महत्त्वाचा गुणधर्म आहे, जो वाक्यातील कर्ता (Subject) आणि कर्म (Object) यांच्यातील संबंध दर्शवतो.

इंग्रजीमध्ये प्रयोगाचे (Voice) मुख्य दोन प्रकार आहेत: Active Voice आणि Passive Voice.

🗣️ Voice (प्रयोग)

Definition (व्याख्या): Voice is the form of a verb that shows whether the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action (Active) or the receiver of the action (Passive). प्रयोग हे क्रियापदाचे असे रूप आहे जे दर्शवते की, वाक्याचा कर्ता क्रिया करणारा आहे (Active Voice) की, तो क्रियेचा स्वीकारणारा आहे (Passive Voice).

1. Active Voice (कर्तरी प्रयोग)

Definition: In Active Voice, the Subject performs the action (is the doer), and the Object receives the action. कर्त्याला अधिक महत्त्व दिले जाते.

Structure (रचना): Subject + Verb + Object

Use (वापर): जेव्हा क्रिया कोण करत आहे (कर्ता) हे स्पष्ट करायचे असते आणि कर्त्यावर जोर द्यायचा असतो.

Example:

Ram writes a letter. (राम कर्ता आहे आणि तो लिहिण्याची क्रिया करत आहे.)

2. Passive Voice (कर्मणी प्रयोग)

Definition: In Passive Voice, the Subject receives the action (is the receiver), and the action is performed by someone else (the 'agent', often introduced by 'by'). कर्माला अधिक महत्त्व दिले जाते.

Structure (रचना): Object (बनतो Subject) + to be (रूप) + V3 (Past Participle) + by + Subject (बनतो Agent)

Use (वापर):

जेव्हा क्रिया कोण करत आहे यापेक्षा क्रिया काय झाली (कर्म) हे अधिक महत्त्वाचे असते.

जेव्हा कर्ता अज्ञात असतो किंवा तो सांगायचा नसतो.

Example:

A letter is written by Ram. (येथे 'A letter' (कर्म) वाक्याचा कर्ता बनले आहे आणि 'Ram' हा Agent आहे.)

🔄 Active to Passive Transformation (रूपांतरण नियम)

Active Voice चे Passive Voice मध्ये रूपांतर करताना, काळानुसार (Tense) सहाय्यक क्रियापद ('to be' चे रूप) बदलते.

Tense (काळ)	Active Voice (A.V.) Structure	Passive Voice (P.V.) Structure	Example (A.V. → P.V.)
Simple Present	S + V1/V5 + O	O + is/am/are + V3 + by S	Ram writes a letter. A letter is written by Ram.
Present Continuous	S + is/am/are + V4 + O	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + by S	Ram is writing a letter. A letter is being written by Ram.
Present Perfect	S + have/has + V3 + O	O + have/has + been + V3 + by S	Ram has written a letter. A letter has been written by Ram.
Simple Past	S + V2 + O	O + was/were + V3 + by S	Ram wrote a letter. A letter was written by Ram.
Past Continuous	S + was/were + V4 + O	O + was/were + being + V3 + by S	Ram was writing a letter. A letter was being written by Ram.
Past Perfect	S + had + V3 + O	O + had + been + V3 + by S	Ram had written a letter. A letter had been written by Ram.
Simple Future	S + will + V1 + O	O + will + be + V3 + by S	Ram will write a letter. A letter will be written by Ram.
Modal Verbs	S + Modal + V1 + O	O + Modal + be + V3 + by S	Ram can write a letter. A letter can be written by Ram.

🛑 टीप (Note):

Future Continuous आणि Present/Past/Future Perfect Continuous Tenses चा Passive Voice मध्ये सहसा वापर होत नाही किंवा तो शक्य नसतो.

Intransitive Verbs (अकर्मक क्रियापद, ज्यांना कर्म नसते) यांचा Passive Voice होत नाही. (उदा. The bird flew. → Passive नाही.)

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